Who has Invented Computer ?

Kw¤úDUvi †K Avwe®‹vi K‡ib ?

Who has Invented Computer ?

m„wóKZ©v gvbyl‡K eyw× w`‡q‡Qb| gvbyl A‡bK mvabv K‡i gw¯Í¯‹‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q A‡bK wKQz Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Q Ges Ki‡Q| †hgb, Rb gvK©Yx †iwWI Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| hw` cÖkœ Kiv nq Kw¤úDUv‡ii Avwe®‹viK †K ? Zvn‡j Gi DËi wK n‡e ? Gi DËi n‡e e¨vcK| KviY, Kw¤úDUvi GKR‡b Avwe®‹vi K‡ibwb| hy‡M hy‡M wewfbœ e¨w³, cÖwZôv‡bi †Póv I mvabvi d‡j AvR‡Ki AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi Avwe¯‹„Z n‡q‡Q Ges Av‡iv AZ¨vaywbK Kw¤úDUvi Avw®‹Kv‡ii Rb¨ wewfbœ e¨w³/cÖwZôvb †Póv K‡i hv‡”Q| ZvB Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®‹vi Rvb‡Z n‡j cÖ_g †_‡K Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ_g Avwe®‹„Z MYbvKvix h‡š¿i bvg BwZnvm †N‡U hZUzKz Rvbv hvq cÖvq Pvi nvRvi ermi c~‡e© Pxbv‡`i ˆZwi A¨vevKvm bvgK MYbvKvix hš¿wUB cÖ_g MYbvKvix hš¿| hv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii c~e©cyiæl ejv nq| †m n‡Z AvR Aewa A‡bK ch©vq AwZµg K‡i eZ©gvb AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi Avgv‡`i mvg‡b Dcw¯’Z n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK Kv¤úDUv‡i †gŠwjK iƒc‡iLv ˆZix K‡ib e„wUk MwYZ wekvi` Pvj©m e¨v‡eR (Charles Babbage)|

1833 mv‡j wZwb c~e© cÖR‡b¥i mKj  hš¿ MY‡Ki Rb¨ ¯§„wZfvÛv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡i ÒA¨vbvwjwU‡KjÓ bvgK GKwU hš¿ ˆZwii cwiKíbv K‡ib| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y Zvi G cÖ‡Póv ev¯Íe iƒc`v‡b mg_© bv n‡jI Zvi G cwiKíbvi Dci wfwË K‡iB AvR‡Ki AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi Avwe¯‹…Z n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y Pvj©m e¨veR‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii Avw` wcZv ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK ejv n‡q _v‡K| Pvj©m e¨v‡e‡Ri cwiKíbv I cÖ‡Póv cieZx©Kv‡j G wel‡q M‡elYvi c_ D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i‡Q| cieZx©‡Z †jwW A¨vWv AvMvóv, d«v¼ eÛBDb mn Av‡iv A‡b‡K Zvi cw_K…r n‡q G wel‡q wbR aviYvi weKvk NUvb|

1887 mv‡j Wt nvig¨vb n‡jwi_ hy³iv‡óªi Av`gïgvixi Kv‡R e¨env‡ii Rb¨ B‡jK‡Uªv †gKvwbK¨vj e¨e¯’vq cvÂKv‡W©i mgš^q NwU‡q GKwU Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| G h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ `ªæZ Av`gïgvixi wi‡cvU© ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj| 1896 mv‡j n‡jwi‡_i G hš¿ ˆZwii Rb¨ Òn‡jwi_ †Uey‡jwUs †gwkb †Kv¤úvwbÓ bvg w`‡q GKwU †Kv¤úvwb cÖwZôv K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z G RvZxq Av‡iv K‡qKwU †Kv¤úvwb wg‡j weL¨vZ Kw¤úDUvi cÖ¯‘ZKvix cÖwZôvb ÒB›Uvib¨vkbvj weR‡bm †gwkb K‡c©v‡ikbÓ ms‡ÿ‡c IBM Rb¥ nq|

gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MwY‡Zi Aa¨vcK nvIqvW© GBP. AvB‡Kb AvB, we, Gg Gi PviRb cÖ‡KŠkjxi mn‡hvwMZvq 1944 mv‡j Mark-1 bv‡g cÖ_g ¯^qswµq mvaviY B‡jK‡Uªv‡gKvwbK¨vj wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi K‡ib| gvK©-1 wQj 51 dzU j¤^v, 8 dzU DuPz| G‡Z 7 jÿ hš¿vs‡ki Rb¨ 500 gvBj j¤^v Zvi e¨envi Kiv n‡qwQj| Gi IRb wQj 5 Ub| hš¿wU 15 eQi Pvjy wQj| GLb GwU nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vj‡q Av‡Q|

1946 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi †cbwmjfvwbqv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK Wt Rb gDmwj Ges Zvi GK QvÎ †cÖmcvi GKvW© (ENLAC) bv‡g ˆZwi K‡ib cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi| AvKv‡i G Kw¤úDUvi wQj e„nr| IRb wQj cÖvq 30 Ub| GwbqvK cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 5000 †hvM we‡qvM Ki‡Z cviZ|

1946 mv‡j nv‡½ixq MwYZwe` Rb wbDg¨vb (John Von Neuman) ÒmsiwÿZ †cÖvMÖvgÓ ("Internal Stored Program") avibvwU D™¢veb K‡ib| wZwbB cÖ_g Kw¤úDUv‡ii ÒZ_¨ I wb‡`©kÓ msiwÿZ ivLvi e¨e¯’v K‡ib| Zvi aviYv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q †KgweªR wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ‡dmi gwik DBjKk (Maurice Wilkes) 1946 mv‡j EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) bvgK mwZ¨Kv‡ii me©cÖ_g ¯^qswµq B‡jKUªwb· wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib|

Wb wbDg¨v‡bi bxwZ‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q EDASC ‰Zwii c~‡e©B ENIAC wbg©vZv gDmvj I †cÖmcvi GKvW© ENIAC bvgK Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi‡Z wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| wKš‘ Gwi g‡a¨ Zviv wb‡Riv GKwU †Kv¤úvwb cÖwZôv K‡ib e‡j ENIAC ‰Zwi‡Z †`ix nq| 1950 mv‡j Zviv EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) ‰Zwi K‡ib| G Kw¤úDUv‡ii wKQz Z_¨, wb‡`©k I †cÖvMÖvg msiÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v wQj|

Gici Rb gDmvj I †cÖmcvi GKvW© wb‡R‡`i †Kv¤úvwb‡Z 1951 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m BDwbe¨vK-1 (UNIVAC = Universal Automatic Calculator) ‰Zwi K‡ib| GwUB nj me©cÖ_g evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ ˆZwi B‡jKUªwbK Kw¤úDUvi| G Kw¤úDUv‡i wÎóvj Wv‡q‡U myBP Ges f¨vwKDg wUDe mvwK©U e¨envi Kiv nq| G Kw¤úDUv‡ii D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨ nj GwU GKB m‡½ cov (Read), MYbv (Compute) Ges Z_¨ †jLv (Write) Gi KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv|

 

cÖ_g UNIVAC-1 wU mieivn Kiv nq gvwK©b hy³ iv‡óªi Bureau of Census Awd‡m, wØZxqwU wegvb evwnbx‡Z Ges Z…ZxqwU mieivn Kiv nq Avwg© g¨vc mvwf©m Awd‡m| gvDmvj Ges GKvW© Gi †`Lv‡`wL wewfbœ †Kv¤úvwb evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ AvBweGg wQj AMÖMY¨| 1953 mv‡j AvBweGg IBM701 bvgK Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi K‡i| G mg‡q †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiv nZ evBbvix fvlv e¨envi K‡i|

1948 mv‡j UªvbwRói (Transistor) Avwe®‹…Z nIqvi ci Kw¤úDUv‡i evj&‡ei e`‡j UªvbwRó‡ii e¨envi ïiæ nq| UªvbwRói e¨eüZ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv AvKv‡i †QvU n‡q †h‡Z ïiæ K‡i| G Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv Av‡Mi Kw¤úDUvi A‡cÿv DbœZ wQj| Av‡Mi gZ G¸‡jv Nb Nb bó n‡Zv bv Ges KvRI Ki‡Zv Av‡Mi †P‡q `ªæZ MwZ‡Z| UªvbwRói e¨eüZ G Kw¤úDUvi‡K wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi ejv nq| Gw`‡K Kw¤úDUvi‡K wb‡`©k †`qvi Dcvq I mnR n‡q †Mj †gwkb j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri RvqMvq nvB †j‡fj j¨vs¸‡qR G‡m covq| KviY BwZg‡a¨ `yBRb weÁvbx  BASIC bv‡gi Kw¤úDUvi ‡cÖvMÖvg Kivi fvlv D™¢veb K‡ib| G fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg wjLv LyeB mnR| d‡j GwU LyeB RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i|

UªvbwRó‡ii ci Av‡m AvBwm (IC) Gi e¨envi| wmwjKb ev †mwgKÛv±i-Gi GKwU ÿz`ª As‡k GKvwaK UªvbwRói mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq AvBwm ev mgwš^Z mvwK©U (Integrated Circute-IC)| AvBwm e¨envi K‡i ˆZwi nj bZzb cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi| G¸‡jvi AvKvi nj c~‡e©i †P‡q A‡bK †QvU Ges cvkvcvwk †e‡o †Mj ¸bMZ gvb| `ªæZZi nj Kv‡Ri MwZ| AvBwm e¨eüZ Kw¤úDUvi ¸‡jv‡K Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi ejv nq|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii me‡P‡q eo weíe N‡U gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Avwe®‹v‡ii ga¨ w`‡q| 1971 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi B‡›Uj (Intel) bvgK †Kv¤úvwb me©cÖ_g gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi (Microprocessor) ‰Zwi K‡i| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi n‡”Q GK eM©Bw gv‡ci AwZ Aí AvqZb wewkó wmwjKb bvg cv‡Z nvRvi nvRvi UªvbwRói mwbœ‡ewkZ GKwU hš¿vsk| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi e¨envi K‡i Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi Kivq Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvqZb †QvU GKwU 10/12 Bw †Uwjwfk‡bi mgvb n‡q hvq| d‡j `vg K‡g hvq, e¨env‡ii myweav †e‡o hvq Ges Kv‡Ri ÿgZv nvRvi nvRvi ¸Y †e‡o hvq| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi w`‡q ˆZwi Kw¤úDUvi‡KB AvaywbK gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi ev cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi ejv nq|